Alerta de atraso no diagnóstico de colite microscópica em idosos. Uma série de casos / Warning to delay in diagnosing microscopic colitis in older adults. a series of cases

ABSTRACT Background: Microscopic colitis (MC) is a chronic inflammatory bowel disease causing non-bloody diarrhea, and several cases are undiagnosed as a hidden cause of chronic diarrhea. Objective: We aimed to report the symptoms, delay diagnosis and the treatment of MC in a case series. Methods: All patients were treated at a Gastroenterology reference office from May 2022 to June 2023. Personal history including preexisting disorders, use of medications and smoking habits were collected. The delay between the onset of symptoms and the correct diagnosis was informed. All patients consented to use budesonide MMX (Corament®) off label. Results: During the study period, six Caucasoid patients were diagnosed with MC, five females and one male, between the ages of 65 and 74. All patients had comorbities and were taking multiple prescription drugs. Laboratory findings showed negative serology for celiac disease for all patients, normal levels of albumin and vitamin B12. The delay between the symptoms and the MC diagnosis varied from 2 months to 6 years. All patients had a previous diagnosis of irritable bowel syndrome. All patients were in complete clinical remission during the treatment and referred no side effects of the drug. Conclusion: Older females using high-risk medications are suggestive of MC. Preventing delay in the diagnosis of MC is crucial to improvement in patients´ quality of life. Budesonide MMX appears to be effective, safe and well-tolerated.

RESUMO Contexto: A colite microscópica (CM) é uma doença inflamatória intestinal crônica que causa diarreia não sanguinolenta, e vários casos não são diagnosticados como uma causa oculta de diarreia crônica. Objetivo: Esse estudo visou relatar os sintomas, qual o atraso diagnóstico e o tratamento da CM em uma série de casos. Métodos: Todos os pacientes foram atendidos em um consultório de referência em Gastroenterologia no período de maio de 2022 a junho de 2023. Foram coletados antecedentes pessoais, incluindo distúrbios preexistentes, uso de medicamentos e tabagismo. Foi buscado o período entre o início dos sintomas e o diagnóstico correto. Todos os pacientes consentiram em usar budesonida MMX (Corament®) off label. Resultados: Durante o período do estudo, seis pacientes caucasóides foram diagnosticados com CM, cinco mulheres e um homem, com idades entre 65 e 74 anos. Todos os pacientes apresentavam comorbidades e faziam uso de vários medicamentos prescritos. Os achados laboratoriais mostraram sorologia negativa para doença celíaca em todos os pacientes, níveis normais de albumina e vitamina B12. O atraso entre os sintomas e o diagnóstico de CM variou de 2 meses a 6 anos. Todos os pacientes tinham diagnóstico prévio de síndrome do intestino irritável. Todos os pacientes apresentaram remissão clínica completa durante o tratamento e não referiram efeitos colaterais da droga. Conclusão: As mulheres mais velhas que usam medicamentos de alto risco são sugestivas de CM. Evitar o atraso no diagnóstico de CM é fundamental para melhorar a qualidade de vida dos pacientes. A budesonida MMX foi eficaz, segura e bem tolerada.

Progress of research on diagnosis and treatment of the first bite syndrome / 口腔医学

@#The first bite syndrome is a rare maxillofacial pain syndrome easily ignored by clinicians. The pain caused by it not only makes it difficult for patients to eat and delays surgical wound healing, but also rises fear and anxiety of patients while they eat, which would severely reduce their life quality. There are few case reports about the first bite syndrome in China, and clinicians know little about it. Therefore, the early diagnosis and treatment of such a disease are important. In this review, we thoroughly reviewed the etiology and classification, pathogenesis, clinical manifestation, and current treatments of the first bite syndrome, aiming at providing some suggestions for clinicians.

Estenosis nasofaríngea: a propósito de la leishmania mucocutánea / Nasopharyngeal stenosis: about mucocutaneous leishmania

La leishmaniasis es una enfermedad protozoaria intracelular. Una de sus formas de presentación es la mucocutánea, que es secuela de la leishmania cutánea y solo se presenta en el 1 % al 5 % de quienes la padecen. Afecta la mucosa nasal, faríngea y laríngea, lo que ocasiona disnea y disfagia. Se presenta el caso de una paciente de 76 años con síntomas obstructivos nasales, en quien se evidenciaron múltiples sinequias nasales y faringolaríngeas. Ante la sospecha clínica de la enfermedad, es importante recordar que el diagnóstico se realiza a través de la intradermorreacción de Montenegro o títulos de inmunofluorescencia indirecta superiores a 1:16, y su tratamiento incluye el antimonio pentavalente, uno de los más utilizados; sin embargo, este tiene alto grado de recurrencias y efectos secundarios, por lo que la anfotericina B se convierte en el tratamiento de elección. En algunos casos, el manejo quirúrgico puede ser de gran utilidad para la mejoría de síntomas y secuelas de la enfermedad. Entonces, la leishmania mucocutánea se convierte en una enfermedad de interés para los otorrinolaringólogos, quienes con el conocimiento de la historia natural de la misma pueden realizar un manejo temprano y la adecuada corrección de secuelas para mejorar la calidad de vida de los pacientes.

Leishmaniasis is an intracellular protozoan disease. One of its forms of presentation is mucocutaneous, which is sequela of cutaneous leishmania and only occurs in 1% to 5% of those who suffer it. It affects the nasal, pharyngeal and laryngeal mucosa, causing dyspnea and dysphagia. We presented a case of a 76-year-old patient with obstructive nasal symptoms, who evidenced multiple nasal and pharyngolaryngeal synechiae. Given the clinical suspicion of the disease, it is important to remember that the diagnosis is made through the Montenegro intradermal reaction and or indirect immunofluorescence titers greater than 1:16, and the treatment includes pentavalent antimonial, one of the most used; however, it has a high degree of recurrence and side effects, so amphotericin B becomes the treatment of choice. In some cases, surgical management can be very useful for the improvement of symptoms caused by the disease. Thus, mucocutaneous leishmania becomes a disease of interest for otorhinolaryngologists, who, with knowledge of its natural history, can carry out early management and adequate correction of sequelae to improve the patients' quality of life.

Consenso de la COVID-19 en el embarazo

Después de un año de Pandemia por el virus SARS-CoV-2, causante de la COVID-19, la evidencia demuestra que las embarazadas son un grupo vulnerable a complicaciones durante toda la gestación, en el parto y el puerperio. Aunque el riesgo de transmisión vertical es bajo, la COVID-19 en las embarazadas está asociada a mayor ingreso a la UTI, ventilación mecánica y muerte. En ausencia de un tratamiento específico, la detección temprana y las intervenciones oportunas pueden disminuir el riesgo potencial de complicaciones durante el embarazo. La presente revisión que incluye información epidemiológica, manifestaciones clínicas, diagnóstico y conducta en la embarazada y el recién nacido, y recomendación sobre vacunas, pretende establecer un aporte al equipo de salud que atiende embarazadas y neonatos, para disminuir la morbilidad y mortalidad materno fetal asociada a la COVID-19.

After one year of the Pandemic caused by SARSCoV-2, virus that causes COVID-19, the evidence shows that pregnant women are a group especially vulnerable to complications during the entire gestation, childbirth andpuerperium. Although the risk of vertical transmission is low, COVID-19 in pregnant women is associated with greater admission to the ICU, mechanical ventilation and death. In the absence of specific treatment, early detection and timely interventions can decrease the potential risk of complications during pregnancy. This review, which includes epidemiological information, clinical manifestations and behavior in pregnant women and newborns, aims to establish a contribution to the health team that cares for pregnant women and newborns to reduce maternal-fetal morbidity and mortality associated with COVID-19.

Sarcopenia: Update on Diagnosis and Treatment in an Asian Community Setting

@#Sarcopenia refers to the age-associated progressive and generalized loss of skeletal muscle mass plus loss of muscle strength and/or reduced physical performance. Described as the biological substrate that antecedes physical frailty, sarcopenia is associated with adverse health outcomes in older adults. The International Classification of Diseases, 10th Revision, Clinical Modification (ICD-10-CM) code for sarcopenia represents a major step forward in translating sarcopenia to clinical practice. The Asian Working Group for Sarcopenia (AWGS) 2019 consensus provides an algorithm for identifying and diagnosing older adults with or at-risk for sarcopenia. “Possible sarcopenia” is defined by low muscle strength or reduced physical performance, and is applicable for primary health care and community settings. Accurate case finding and assessment requires proper administration using the correct instruments. Older adults with or at-risk for sarcopenia should be evaluated for reversible causes (using the ‘4D’ mnemonic). Currently, the mainstay of treatment is non-pharmacological, comprising resistance exercise and adequate protein intake.

Conceptos y percepciones acerca del diagnóstico y tratamiento de la fibromialgia en un grupo de reumatólogos colombianos / Concepts and perceptions about fibromyalgia diagnosis and treatment among colombian rheumatologists

RESUMEN Introducción: La fibromialgia es una enfermedad crónica caracterizada por la presencia de dolor músculo esquelético, usualmente asociada a otros síntomas como depresión, fatiga, trastornos del sueño, entre otros. Los conceptos y las percepciones sobre el diagnóstico y el tratamiento de la fibromialgia, entre médicos reumatólogos, no se conocen objetivamente. El propósito de este estudio es describir los conceptos y percepciones sobre el diagnóstico y tratamiento de la fibromialgia, entre un grupo de médicos reumatólogos en Colombia. Métodos: Estudio descriptivo de corte transversal. A través de un grupo focal en el que participaron dos reumatólogos y un experto en métodos de investigación cualitativa, se diseñó una encuesta para evaluar las percepciones y conceptos que los médicos reumatólogos tienen sobre el diagnóstico y el tratamiento de la fibromialgia. La encuesta se aplicó de forma autoadministrada y anónima a médicos reumatólogos pertenecientes a la Asociación Colombiana de Reumatología. Resultados: Encuesta aplicada a 139 reumatólogos. El 25,2% (n = 35) considera que no hay suficiente evidencia para considerar la fibromialgia como una enfermedad; 32,4% (n = 45) usa los criterios ACR (American College of Rheumatology) de 1990 para diagnosticar pacientes con fibromialgia, a pesar de que el 92,1% (n = 128) considera que estos criterios no son suficientes para el diagnóstico de fibromialgia. Los medicamentos más empleados para el manejo de fibromialgia son los antidepresivos, prescritos por el 90,6% (n = 126) de los encuestados, seguido por anticonvulsivantes 64,7% (n = 90) y analgésicos 26,6% (n = 37). Un 76,3% (n = 106) de los reumatólogos considera que el manejo del paciente con fibromialgia debe tener un enfoque multidisciplinario. Por su parte, 81,3% (n = 113) de los reumatólogos considera que el paciente con fibromialgia debe tener como médico tratante principal a un especialista distinto al reumatólogo. Conclusión: El presente estudio muestra información acerca de las distintas percepciones acerca del diagnóstico y tratamiento de fibromialgia entre un grupo de reumatólogos colombianos, documentándose un frecuente uso de los criterios de clasificación ACR 1990. En cuanto a tratamiento, se observa un alto porcentaje de uso de medicamentos, en especial antidepresivos y analgésicos. La mayoría de los reumatólogos considera que los médicos fisiatras, deben ser los líderes del manejo interdisciplinario en el tratamiento del paciente con fibromialgia.

ABSTRACT Bacfeground: Fibromyalgia is a chronic disease characterised by the presence of widespread and persistent musculoskeletal pain associated with a variety of symptoms. The concepts and perceptions around the diagnosis and treatment of fibromyalgia among rheumatologists are not objectively known. The purpose of this study is to obtain objective data using a survey and then describe the concepts and perceptions on the diagnosis and treatment of fibromyalgia among Colombian rheumatologists. Methods: A cross-sectional study was performed using a focus group, consisting of two rheumatologists and one expert in qualitative research methods. A questionnaire was designed to evaluate the perceptions and concepts that rheumatologists have on the diagnosis and treatment of fibromyalgia. The questionnaire was self-completed and anonymous by rheumatologists from the Colombian Association of Rheumatology. Results: A total of 139 rheumatologists completed the questionnaire, with 25.2% (n = 35) of rheumatologists considering that there is not enough evidence to recognise fibromyalgia as a disease. Around one-third (32.4%, n = 45) consider that the 1990 ACR (American College of Rheumatology) criteria are not sufficient to diagnose fibromyalgia, despite the fact that 92.1% (n = 128) of them use the criteria as a tool to approach the diagnosis when suspecting fibromyalgia. The most formulated medications for managing fibromyalgia are antidepressants and analgesics, with both groups being used by 90.6% (n = 126) of the respondents, followed by antiepileptics in 64.7% (n = 90) and analgesics in 26.6% (n = 37). More than three-quarters (76.3%, n = 106) of rheumatologists consider that there should be a multidisciplinary approach to the patient with fibromyalgia. Conclusion: Objective information is presented on the perceptions of fibromyalgia among a group of Colombian rheumatologists, reporting a frequent use of the ACR 1990 classification criteria. As regards treatment, a high percentage use antidepressants and antiepileptics. Most rheumatologists believe that a rehabilitation physician should be among the leaders of multidisciplinary management in the treatment of fibromyalgia patients.

Recomendaciones para el diagnóstico, tratamiento y seguimiento del cáncer de mama durante la pandemia de SARS-Cov-2/COVID-19 en Colombia / Recommendations for the diagnosis, treatment and monitoring of breast cancer during the SARS-Cov-2/COVID-19 pandemic in Colombia

Resumen Bajo las nuevas condiciones generadas por la pandemia de COVID-19, los tratamientos para el cáncer de mama requieren algunas reorientaciones y cuidados que se exponen en este artículo. Se consideran aquí las tres fases de gravedad de la pandemia y los respectivos tratamientos que demandan en función de los lineamientos dictados por el Ministerio de Salud y Protección Social de Colombia. Se trata de un conjunto de referencias para orientar las terapias y tratamientos, inspiradas en las políticas de salud regionales, nacionales e institucionales.

Abstract Under the new conditions generated by the COVID-19 pandemic, breast cancer treatments requires some reorientations and cares that are discussed in this article. The three phases of severity of the pandemic and the respective treatments they require -based on the guidelines issued by the Ministry of Health and Social Protection of Colombia- are considered here. It is a set of references to guide therapies and treatments, inspired by regional, national and institutional health policies.

Síndrome hemafagocítico, enfrentamiento diagnóstico y terapéutico actual. Revisión a partir de un caso relacionado a virus Epstein-Barr / Hemophagocytic syndrome, current diagnostic and therapeutic approach

Hemophagocytic syndrome or hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis (HLH) is a highly lethal hyper-inflammatory disorder that leads to a storm of cytokines, hemophagocytosis and multiple organ failure. It can be primary, which is inherited, or secondary. In the latter, virus infections are a frequent trigger, predominantly the family of herpes viruses, such as Epstein-Barr virus. An early treatment is recommended. Until recently there was no consensus about the management of secondary cases. The protocols for the treatment of primary HLH were used, which include cytotoxic agents and corticosteroids. We herein review the current diagnostic and therapeutic approach of HLH, based on a case associated with a reactivation of the Epstein-Barr virus in an immunocompetent adolescent. We highlight the importance of suspecting this disease in patients with a persistent inflammatory response state or with a fever of unknown origin, in order to carry out a timely treatment, with the least toxicity, and appropriate to the characteristics of each individual, which is the current therapeutic trend.

Representação de TDAH em meninos diagnosticados com o transtorno / ADHD representation in boys diagnosed with the disorder / Representación del TDAH en niños diagnosticados con dicho trastorno

Esta pesquisa de caráter qualitativo descritivo busca investigar a representação do Transtorno do Déficit de Atenção e Hiperatividade (TDAH) de meninos diagnosticados com o transtorno em situações por eles vividas. As principais características do TDAH são: desatenção, hiperatividade e impulsividade; sintomas que costumam afetar o desempenho acadêmico e os relacionamentos familiares e sociais dessas crianças. O diagnóstico geralmente é realizado a partir do relato dos pais e dos professores e de uma avaliação multidisciplinar na área da saúde, mas sem que se ouça a criança durante o processo. Participaram do estudo 20 meninos, com idades entre nove e 11 anos, diagnosticados com TDAH, já em tratamento. Metodologicamente, utilizou-se entrevista semiestruturada e histórias em quadrinhos como instrumentos. Como resultado, nota-se que meninos com TDAH apresentam relacionamentos de amizade positivos; cerca de 95% (n=19), tomam medicamentos para tratamento do TDAH e não possuem uma rotina organizada para suas atividades. A pesquisa nos levou a perceber que, de fato, a criança não participa ativamente do processo de diagnóstico e tratamento do TDAH em nosso meio.

This qualitative and descriptive study aims to investigate what the Attention Deficit and Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) represents to boys diagnosed with the disorder in the situations they are faced with. The main characteristics of ADHD are: lack of attention, hyperactivity and impulsiveness; symptoms that usually affect the child's academic performance and his social and family relationships. The diagnosis is usually based on the account of parents and teachers and an interdisciplinary evaluation in the health area; however without hearing the child during the process. Twenty boys between the ages of nine and eleven, previously diagnosed with ADHD already under treatment took part in the study. The methodology used included semi-structured interviews and comic strips as instruments. As a result it's possible to observe that boys with ADHD present positive relationships with friends. Around 95% (n=19), take medication for ADHD treatment and do not have an organized routine for their activities. The study shows that, indeed, the child does not take part actively in the process of diagnosis and treatment of ADHD in our context.

Este estudio de carácter cualitativo y descriptivo, tiene como finalidad investigar la representación del Trastorno por Déficit de Atención con Hiperactividad (TDAH) en niños diagnosticados con dicha enfermedad en situaciones vividas por ellos. Las características principales del TDAH son: déficit de atención, hiperactividad e impulsividad; síntomas que suelen afectar el desarrollo del aprendizaje, las relaciones familiares y sociales de los niños. El diagnostico por lo general es realizado a partir del relato de los padres, de los docentes y por unaevaluación multidisciplinar en el área de la salud, sin embargo, en todo este procedimiento, los niños no son escuchados. Participaron del estudio veinte niños, con edades entre nueve y once años, diagnosticados con el TDAH que ya se encontraban en tratamiento. Metodológicamente, fue utilizado como instrumentos la entrevista semiestructurada y tanto historietas como tiras cómicas. Como resultado, percibimos que los niños con TDAH presentan relacionamientos con amistades positivas; cerca del 95% (n=19)hacen uso de fármacos para su tratamiento y no poseen una rutina estructurada para sus actividades diarias. Esta investigación expuso que realmente los niños no participan activamente del proceso diagnóstico y tratamiento del TDAH en nuestro ambiente.

Guías Argentinas para el diagnóstico, la prevención y el tratamiento de la osteoporosis 2015 / Argentine guidelines for the diagnosis, prevention and treatment of osteoporosis, 2015

La osteoporosis es una enfermedad en constante crecimiento y que afecta a más de 200 millones de personas en todo el mundo. Nuestras recomendaciones son guías para el diagnóstico, la prevención y tratamiento, pero no normas para las decisiones clínicas en casos individuales. El médico debe adaptarlas a situaciones en la práctica clínica cotidiana, incorporando factores personales que trascienden los límites de estas guías y hacen al saber y al arte de la práctica médica. Como todo conocimiento científico, deben ser actualizadas periódicamente a medida que se adquieran nuevas, mejores y más efectivas herramientas diagnósticas y terapéuticas.

Osteoporosis is an evolving disease which affects over 200 million people worldwide. Our recommendations are guidelines for its diagnosis, prevention and treatment, but they do not constitute standards for clinical decisions in individual cases. The physician must adapt them to individual special situations, incorporating personal factors that transcend the limits of these guidelines and are dependent on the knowledge and art of the practice of Medicine. These guidelines should be reviewed and updated periodically as new, better and more effective diagnostic and therapeutic tools become available.

Hepatitis C Viral Infection in Children: Updated Review / 대한소아소화기영양학회지

Hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection is a major medical challenge affecting around 200 million people worldwide. The main site of HCV replication is the hepatocytes of the liver. HCV is a positive enveloped RNA virus from the flaviviridae family. Six major HCV genotypes are implicated in the human infection. In developed countries the children are infected mainly through vertical transmission during deliveries, while in developing countries it is still due to horizontal transmission from adults. Minimal nonspecific and brief symptoms are initially found in approximately 15% of children. Acute and chronic HCV infection is diagnosed through the recognition of HCV RNA. The main objective for treatment of chronic HCV is to convert detected HCV viremia to below the detection limit. Children with chronic HCV infection are usually asymptomatic and rarely develop severe liver damage. Therefore, the benefits from current therapies, pegylated-Interferon plus ribavirin, must be weighed against their adverse effects. This combined treatment offers a 50-90% chance of clearing HCV infection according to several studies and on different HCV genotype. Recent direct acting antiviral (DAA) drugs which are well established for adults have not yet been approved for children and young adults below 18 years. The most important field for the prevention of HCV infection in children would be the prevention of perinatal and parenteral transmission. There are areas of focus for new lines of research in pediatric HCV-related disease that can be addressed in the near future.

Tontura de origem labiríntica / Labyrinthine dizziness

A tontura é um sintoma associado a inúmeras condições clínicas e recruta a necessidade de investigação diagnóstica minuciosa e abordagem terapêutica individualizada. Muitas vezes associada ao zumbido, mais frequentemente relaciona-se a distúrbios do sistema vestibular periférico. Constituinte sintomático de um rol significativo de doenças, apresenta interface em várias especialidades médicas, o que denota a real necessidade de amplo conhecimento das condições a ela associadas. O presente estudo apresenta, sob a óptica de opinião de especialistas, uma abordagem relacionada ao diagnóstico e tratamento da tontura, considerando as necessidades dos médicos clínicos.

Dizziness is a symptom associated with numerous medical conditions and it recruits detailed diagnostic investigation and individualized therapeutic approach. It is often associated with tinnitus and related to disorders of peripheral vestibular system. It is present in a significant number of diseases and its occurrence in various medical specialties became essential the real need for extensive knowledge of the conditions associated with it. This study presents the viewpoint of expert opinion, an approach related to the diagnosis and treatment of dizziness, considering the necessities of physicians.

Intervenciones de enfermería para la atención de adultos con esquizofrenia paranoide / Nursing interventions for the care of adults with paranoid schizophrenia

Introducción. Los trastornos mentales tienen una alta prevalencia en todo el mundo y contribuyen de manera importante a la morbilidad, la discapacidad y la mortalidad prematura. Métodos. Con el descriptor “Paranoid Schizophrenia” y el planteamiento de preguntas clínicas, se realizó la búsqueda sistemática en: PUBMED, CUIDEN y algunos sitios web para la revisión de guías clínicas, revisiones sistemáticas, ensayos clínicos, estudios observacionales entre otros, cuyas evidencias y recomendaciones con mayor gradación y fuerza respectivamente, dieran respuesta a la detección y diagnóstico oportuno, intervenciones durante la fase aguda, adherencia terapéutica, identificación y tratamiento de efectos adversos e intervenciones dirigidas a la familia para facilitar la psicoeducación y el autocuidado. Se consideraron documentos en inglés y español publicados en 2010-2015.Resultados. De 20 estudios analizados, la evidencia científica denota que para el diagnóstico de esquizofrenia, es necesario considerar las características del cuadro clínico, antecedentes personales, familiares y factores de riesgo, además del abordaje durante la etapa aguda mediante la seguridad, contención verbal, farmacológica y física. Así mismo, el seguimiento para la detección y tratamiento de efectos adversos derivados del tratamiento farmacológico y el planteamiento de programas que consideren la identidad y cosmovisión de la persona, su familia y los efectos adversos sobre la salud, vida personal, social y económica.Conclusiones. Se deben estandarizar estrategias que faciliten la atención integral farmacológica, psicosocial y de autocuidado, con la finalidad de mejorar la calidad de la atención a personas con trastornos mentales así como de su familia.

Introduction. Mental disorders are highly prevalent worldwide and contribute significantly to morbidity, disability and premature mortality manner.Methods. With the descriptor "Paranoid Schizophrenia" and approach to clinical questions, the systematic search was conducted: PUBMED, CUIDEN and some websites for review of clinical guidelines, systematic reviews, clinical trials, observational studies among others, whose findings and recommendations more gradation and strength respectively, would respond to the detection and timely diagnosis, interventions during the acute phase, adherence, identification and treatment of adverse effects and interventions aimed at facilitating family psycho-education and self-care. documents were considered in English and Spanish published in 2010-2015.Results. 20 studies reviewed, scientific evidence indicates that for the diagnosis of schizophrenia, it is necessary to consider the clinical characteristics, personal history, and family risk factors, in addition to the approach during the acute stage by security, verbal, pharmacological containment and physical. Similarly, monitoring for the detection and treatment of adverse effects from the drug treatment programs and approach to consider the identity and worldview of the person, his family and adverse health effects, personal, social and economic life.Conclusions. Strategies should be standardized to facilitate the pharmacological, psychosocial self-care and comprehensive care in order to improve the quality of care for people with mental disorders and their family.

Introdução. Os transtornos mentais são altamente prevalentes em todo o mundo e contribuir significativamente para a morbidade, incapacidade e mortalidade prematura maneira.Métodos. Com o descritor "esquizofrenia paranóide" e abordagem de questões clínicas, a busca sistemática foi conduzida: PubMed, CUIDEN e alguns sites de revisão de diretrizes clínicas, revisões sistemáticas, ensaios clínicos, estudos observacionais, entre outros, cujas conclusões e recomendações mais gradação e força, respectivamente, iria responder ao diagnóstico de detecção e oportuna, as intervenções durante a fase aguda, a adesão, a identificação e tratamento de efeitos adversos e intervenções destinadas a facilitar família psico-educação e auto-cuidado. documentos foram considerados em Inglês e Espanhol publicado em 2010-2015.Resultados. 20 estudos revisados, evidências científicas indicam que, para o diagnóstico de esquizofrenia, é necessário considerar as características clínicas, história pessoal e fatores de risco familiar, além da abordagem durante a fase aguda de segurança, verbal, contenção farmacológica e física. Da mesma forma, o monitoramento para a detecção e tratamento dos efeitos adversos dos programas de tratamento de drogas e abordagem a considerar a identidade e visão de mundo da pessoa, sua família e efeitos adversos à saúde, vida pessoal, social e económico.Conclusões. As estratégias devem ser padronizados para facilitar a auto-atendimento psicossocial e farmacológico atendimento integral a fim de melhorar a qualidade dos cuidados para as pessoas com transtornos mentais e seus familiares.

The application of serum procalcitonin determination in the diagnosis of emergency patients with fever / 国际检验医学杂志

Objective To evaluate the serum rocalcitonin(PCT) determination in the diagnosis of emergency patients with fever . Methods 120emergencypatientswithfeverwereenrolledinthestudy,whoseserumsamplesweretestedbyusingelectrochemilu‐minescence immunoassay for PCT concentrations ,at the same time white blood cells(WBC) count and C reactive protein(CRP) were also determined .Bacterial culture results were used as gold standard for the diagnosis of bacterial infection .WBC>10 .0 × 109/L,CRP>10mg/L,PCT>0.5μg/Lwerethejudgmentcriteriafortheevaluationofthoseindicators.Results 73casesofpatients′bacteria culture results were positive ,47 patients′bacteria culture results were negative;63 cases of patients were with PCT ,WBC and CRP levels elevated at the same time;2 patients′WBC count elevated ,while PCT and CRP concentrations did not ;6 patients′serum PCT concentrations increased ,while WBC and CRP levels didn′t ;4 patients′serum PCT and CRP concentration increased , while WBC count didn′t ;35 patients′PCT ,WBC and CRP kept at low levels .Conclusion Serum PCT concentration could be used as an auxiliary diagnosis indicator in the diagnosis of emergency patients with fever .

Diagnóstico y manejo de la bronquiolitis obliterante post infecciosa. Presentación de dos casos

Presentamos dos casos de bronquiolitis obliterante post infecciosa, su manejo y evolución. La bronquiolitis obliterante es una forma rara de enfermedad pulmonar obstructiva crónica que resulta de una lesión grave en la vía respiratoria inferior que lleva a grados variables de inflamación y fibrosis de la vía aérea pequeña. La bronquiolitis obliterante post infecciosa es la forma más común en los niños. Su epidemiología está directamente relacionada con la epidemiología de las infecciones respiratorias virales graves de los lactantes, especialmente las causadas por el adenovirus. No existen síntomas ni signos específicos sin embargo, los pacientes tienen sibilancias persistentes, taquipnea, disnea y tos por semanas o meses después del insulto infeccioso inicial. El diagnóstico se puede establecer, de manera confiable, sobre la base de una presentación clínica consistente, la identificación del virus , hallazgos característicos en los estudios de imágenes , demostración de una obstrucción fija de la vía aérea en las pruebas de función pulmonar en los pacientes colaboradores y en algunos casos se requiere la confirmación histológica mediante biopsia pulmonar. El tratamiento es de apoyo, basado en oxigenoterapia, corticoides inhalados, inmunomoduladores, broncodilatadores y glucocorticoides orales durante las exacerbaciones respiratorias, uso precoz de antibióticos durante las infecciones agudas, fisioterapia respiratoria y apoyo nutricional. La mortalidad puede ser alta durante la infección aguda por adenovirus pero, una vez establecida la enfermedad, la mortalidad disminuye. Sin embargo, la morbilidad es alta dada las hospitalizaciones frecuentes por infecciones respiratorias y por las exacerbaciones obstructivas durante los primeros años de la enfermedad.

We report two cases of post infectious bronchiolitis obliterans its management and evolution. Bronchiolitis Obliterans is a rare form of chronic obstructive lung disease secondary to a sever insult to the lower respiratory tract, resulting in fibrosis of the small airways. In children, the most common presentation is the postinfectious variant, closely related to a severe viral infection. Thus, although its prevalence is not known, its epidemiology is directly related to the epidemiology of severe viral respiratory tract infections in young children, particularly of adenoviral aetiology. There are no specific signs and symptoms but the patients have persistent wheezing, tachypnea, dyspnea and cough that persists for weeks or months after the initial lung injury. A comprehensive approach utilizing a combination of history and physical exam, virus identification, characteristic findings in imaging studies, the presence of fixed airflow obstruction in pulmonary function tests, and in some cases the histopathological study of lung tissue obtained by lung biopsy is essential to arriving at the correct diagnosis. Treatment is mainly supportive based on oxygen supplementation, inhaled corticosteroids, short-acting bronchodilators and oral corticosteroids to treat respiratory exacerbations and early use of antibiotics for the treatment of acute infections, chest physiotherapy and nutritional support. During the acute infection, mortality can be high but, once the disease is established, it has a low mortality rate. Morbidity, on the other hand, is high with frequent hospitalizations due to secondary respiratory infections and obstructive exacerbations during the first years of the disease.

Ocular clinical characteristics and treatment of latent syphilis with posterior uveitis as the initial symptom / 中华实验眼科杂志

Background In patients with syphilis,one of the common manifestations is uveitis.However,the lack of understanding on syphilic posterior uveitis may result in misdiagnosis and delayed treatment.Objective This study was to assess ocular clinical features,treatment and prognosis in patients who had latent syphilis and presented with posterior uveitis as the initial symptom.Methods A serial cases-observational study was designed.Twelve patients(19 eyes)who were diagnosed as syphilis from September 2011 to January 2013 were retrospectively analyzed.All patients were characterized by initial posterior uveitis before the final diagnosis.The clinical manifestation,management and prognosis were evaluated and analyzed.All patients were informed of this study and consented with the use of their data for this retrospective study.Results The patients presented with initial clinical signs of acute or chronic posterior uveitis and lacked systemic syphilis symptom.Bilateral posterior uveitis were found in 7 patients and unilateral in 5 patients.The dust-like and grey-white opacification in vitreous was seen by threemirror contact lens in all the patients.Mild hyperemia of the optical disc was found in 10 eyes with the unclear peripapillary boundary.Yellow-white lesions were observed in retinas of 7 eyes and retinal punctuate hemorrhage was in 1 eye.Fundus fluorescein angiography demonstrated fluorescine staining or hyperfluorescence of optic disc in all of the 19 eyes,and fluorescein leakage from vein in 18 eyes,retinal pigment epithelium dye pooling in 6 eyes and cystoid macular edema in 11 eyes.Rapid plasma reagin (RPR) test and treponema pallidum hemagglutination assay (TPHA) were performed and presented positive results in all patients.The visual acuity improved in 19 eyes and partly elevated in 2 eyes following a standard therapy for neurosyphilis was used,including penicillin and/or small doses of glucocorticoid.Conclusions The serological examination for syphilis should be considered for patients with unexplained uveitis.Early diagnosis and prompt treatment are important for the improvement of prognosis in syphilitic posterior uveitis.

Advance in Minimally Conscious State (review) / 中国康复理论与实践

@#This paper summarized the concept, diagnostic criteria, clinical treatment, outcome and the current issues faced of minimalconscious state.

Autism spectrum disorders: an overview on diagnosis and treatment

Pervasive developmental disorders are now commonly referred to as autism spectrum disorders (ASDs). ASDs present with a range of severity and impairments, and often are a cause of severe disability, representing a major public health concern. The diagnostic criteria require delays or abnormal functioning in social interaction, language, and/or imaginative play within the first 3 years of life, resulting in a deviation from the developmental pattern expected for the age. Because establishing a diagnosis of ASD is possible as early as 18-24 months of age, clinicians should strive to identify and begin intervention in children with ASD as soon as signs are manifest. Increasing efforts are underway to make ASD screening universal in pediatric healthcare. Given the crucial importance of early identification and multiple modalities of treatment for ASD, this review will summarize the diagnostic criteria, key areas for assessment by clinicians, specific scales and instruments for assessment, and discussion of evidence-based treatment programs and the role of specific drug therapies for symptom management.

Current research of immunoglobulin G4-related orbital disease / 中华实验眼科杂志

In recent years,immunoglobulin G4-related disease (IgG4-related disease) has received increasingly attention in medical community as a novel clinical entity.Although its clinical manifestation varies,high serum IgG4 concentration and numerous IgG4-positive plasma c(c)ll infiltration are the common characteristics.IgG4-related disease involves many human organs,and most one is pancreas,followed by parotid gland,bile duct,liver,lung,lymph node and so on,and orbital involvement is relatively rare.Current initial research shows that there is certain association between orbital disease with IgG4,and these diseases mainly include benign lymphoepithelial lesion,idiopathic orbital inflammatory pseudotumor,Castleman ' s disease,xanthogranuloma,Rosai-Dorfman disease etc..The researching progression in the relationship between IgG4 and orbital diseases is reviewed.

A Case of Osteosarcoma Of The Maxilla-Challenges In Diagnosis And Management

Osteosarcoma is a primary malignant neoplasm of the bone. Osteosarcoma of the jaws especially those of maxilla is rare. The diagnosis of osteosarcomas is diff icult and challenging. In this case report we highlight a rare case of osteosarcoma of the maxilla in a 29 year old male patient which was highly aggressive and was initially diagnosed as rhabdomyosarcoma. This case highlights the difficulty in diagnosing osteosarcoma merely from incisional biopsy specimens which may not be representative of the whole tumour. Limited clinical information at incisional biopsy also adds to the difficulty in arriving at the definitive diagnosis. We further discuss the treatment modalities followed in this case.